Tyrian 2000 left stuck2/19/2023 ![]() ![]() He demonstrated that the more salt is dissolved into solution, the more concentrated the ions need to be to carry electric current. In 1887, Svante August Arrhenius proposed that oppositely charged ions were responsible for the properties and structure of salts and salt solutions. The main methods to produce salt are by evaporating sea water, mining rock salt, and boiling salt solutions from brine springs. Rather than interfering with nerve signals, morphine blocks the pain receptors in the brain, mimicking the action of endorphins. However, once they realized the side affects, the company stopped advertising the product. Bayer thought that this heroin was free from the side affects and addictive properties of morphine, and it was marketed as a "super aspirin". This diacetylmorphine was marketed as Heroin, and it is "one of the most powerfully addictive substances known". In 1898, Bayer and Company put morphine through the acylation reaction, with hopes that it would have the same results as aspirin. However, the painkilling or analgesic effect is related to addiction, making these compounds very addictive. The structure of morphine was not known until 1925, but morphine and similar compounds are the most effective painkillers known today. Named after the Roman god Morpheus, the god of dreams, it numbs the senses and induces sleep. Morphine was isolated for the first time by Friedrich Serturner in 1803. The opium poppy consists of 24 alkaloids, the most prominent being morphine. ![]() It is not known how it provides immunity against malaria, but this structure inhibits the life of the malaria parasite. Patients with sickle cell anemia have a valine as the sixth amino acid instead of glutamic acid. Hemoglobin consists of amino acids arranged in sets of two identical strands. Hemoglobin transports oxygen to the body, and gives red blood cells their red color. People who live in malarial areas and carry the sickle cell trait have a certain degree of immunity to malaria. It is very difficult to avoid mosquitoes, so the best method is to use strong insecticides, like DDT. There are several ways to break the disease cycle- killing the merozoite stage in the liver and blood, preventing mosquito bites, killing adult mosquitoes, or preventing the breeding of mosquitoes. Ronald Ross discovered another stage of the parasite in the gut of the anopheles mosquito in 1897, proving that mosquitoes were the method of transmission. ![]() In 1891 it was possible to identify the specific malaria parasite by dying the cells. In 1880, Charles-Louis-Alphonse Laveran found that blood of malaria patients contained cells that are a stage of the malarial protozoa. It is also used to produce a heart medication called quinidine. The main uses for quinine today are tonic water, quinine water, and other drinks. In 2001, Gilbert Stork and his coworkers took a quinoline derivative and synthesized quinine from it. The best synthetic option was chloroquine, but strains of the parasite that are resistant to chloroquine have spread. Quinine comes from the quinoline molecule, and a few derivatives of this molecule were shown to have treated acute malaria in the 1930s. In 1820, Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou extracted quinine and purified it. Quinine was isolated for the first time in 1792- in an impure form. This drastic environmental effect caused a ban of CFCs- hydrofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon molecules are used instead. Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina found that chlorine accelerates the breakdown of the ozone layer by removing an oxygen atom from the ozone, leaving an oxygen molecule behind. However, the stability of these compounds caused them to drift through the atmosphere for years without being broken down. The CFCs were the perfect refrigerants, and their stability allowed them to also be used to propel substances through spray cans. These Freons had coded names- the first number was the carbon atoms minus one, the second was the hydrogen atoms plus one, and the third digit was the number of fluorine atoms. The compounds they produced, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were nontoxic, nonflammable, inexpensive, and very stable. and and Albert Henne created different molecules with one or two carbon atoms and various numbers of fluorine and chlorine instead of hydrogen atoms. ![]()
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